Korupsi

Corruption is threat to democracy and economic development in many societies. It arises in the ways people pursue, use, and exchange wealth and power, and in the strength or weakness of the state, political, and social institutions that sustain and restrain those processes. Differences in these factors,Michael Johnston argues, give rise to four major syndromes of corruption: influence markets, elite cartles, oligarchs and clans, and official moguls. Johnston uses statistical measures to identify societies in each group, and case studies to show that the expected syndromes do aries. Countries studied include the United States, Japan, and Germany (influence markets); Italy, Korea, and Botswana (elite cartels) ; Rusia, the Philippines, and Mexico (oligarchs and clans) ; and China, Kenya, and Indonesia (official moguls). A concluding chapter explorers reform, emphasizing the ways familiar measures should be applied-or withheld, lest they do harm-with an emphasis upon the value of "deep democratization"