1. Hak Azazi Manusia

This book is a substantially revised version of the D.Phil thesis written orig¬inally at Oxford in 1992. I drew help, support, and encouragement from many people during the time in which I wrote the thesis and prepared it for publication. While it is not possible to mention all of them here, I have, however, registered my appreciation to everyone concerned in a variety of ways. I am foremost immensely grateful to Professor Ian Brownlie, Q.c., c.B.E., EB.A., and Chichele Professor of Public International Law in the University of Oxford, for his meticulous guidance and supervision of the thesis upon :which this study is based. Of him I have to say, without preju¬dice, that it is my greatest and sincerest pleasure to have been a pupil of an eminent and leading international lawyer of his generation. But I also owe Professor Brownlie a great debt for his professional help and personal support in many aspects of my academic work, and I fear that I shall never repay this debt in my entire lifetime. Sincere thanks go to my examiners Professor David Harris of the Uni¬versity of Nottingham and Professor Paul P. Craig, Norton Rose Professor of Law in the University of Oxford, for their kind but thorough examina¬tion of my thesis, and for their helpful comments and advice. At the LSE, I extend my equal gratitude and appreciation to Professor Christine Chinkin and Professor Christopher Greenwood for their comments, insights, ~nd suggestions, as well as for their personal encouragement in the final stages of this work. I must thank Amanda Tinnams, my Secretary at LSE, for helping me out with the odd tasks of putting together the 'bits and pieces' of the book. The Association of Commonwealth Universities deserves special mention, for it was the award of their prestigious Fellowship that enabled me to undertake doctoral studies at Oxford in October 1988. At Oxford University Press my immense thanks are due to Messrs John Louth and Chris Rycroft for their professionalism, sound judgement and help in getting this book throllgh the final stages of publication by the Press. Many thanks too to Professor Muna Ndulo at Cornell University who greatly stimulated my interest in the study of law at the University of Zambia in 1978, to Professor Henrietta Moore of the London School of Economics, Professor Megan Vaughan of Nuffield College, Oxford, to Pro¬fessor Stephen Chan at Nottingham Trent University, and George Okoth¬Obbo, at the United. Nations Higher Commissioner for Refugees, for their continuing friendsh,ip, academic support and encouragement throughout